diff --git a/frontend-web/src/core/threads/hooks.ts b/frontend-web/src/core/threads/hooks.ts
index 03c37857..14c9a942 100644
--- a/frontend-web/src/core/threads/hooks.ts
+++ b/frontend-web/src/core/threads/hooks.ts
@@ -43,9 +43,13 @@ export type ThreadStreamOptions = {
   onToolEnd?: (event: ToolEndEvent) => void;
 };
 
-type SendMessageOptions = {
-  additionalKwargs?: Record<string, unknown>;
-};
+type SendMessageOptions = {
+  additionalKwargs?: Record<string, unknown>;
+};
+
+type ThreadTitleRefreshState = Pick<AgentThreadState, "title"> & {
+  title_provisional?: boolean;
+};
 
 function normalizeStoredRunId(runId: string | null): string | null {
   if (!runId) {
@@ -155,7 +159,7 @@ export async function stopThreadRun(
   }
 }
 
-function getStreamErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
+function getStreamErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
   if (typeof error === "string" && error.trim()) {
     return error;
   }
@@ -175,8 +179,31 @@ function getStreamErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
       return nestedError;
     }
   }
-  return "Request failed.";
-}
+  return "Request failed.";
+}
+
+async function fetchThreadTitleRefreshState(
+  threadId: string,
+  signal?: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<ThreadTitleRefreshState | null> {
+  const response = await apiFetch(
+    `${getBackendBaseURL()}/api/threads/${encodeURIComponent(threadId)}/state`,
+    { signal },
+  );
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const json = (await response.json()) as {
+    values?: { title?: string; title_provisional?: boolean };
+  };
+  if (!json.values) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  return {
+    title: json.values.title ?? "",
+    title_provisional: json.values.title_provisional,
+  };
+}
 
 /**
  * Detect "thread not found" / forbidden errors from the LangGraph SDK.
@@ -596,9 +623,12 @@ export function useThreadStream({
   });
 
   // Optimistic messages shown before the server stream responds
-  const [optimisticMessages, setOptimisticMessages] = useState<Message[]>([]);
-  const [isUploading, setIsUploading] = useState(false);
-  const sendInFlightRef = useRef(false);
+  const [optimisticMessages, setOptimisticMessages] = useState<Message[]>([]);
+  const [isUploading, setIsUploading] = useState(false);
+  const [threadValueOverrides, setThreadValueOverrides] = useState<
+    Partial<ThreadTitleRefreshState>
+  >({});
+  const sendInFlightRef = useRef(false);
   // Carries the ask time of an in-flight send until the server-assigned human
   // message id shows up, so we can bind the timestamp to the real id (see the
   // reconciliation effect below). ``known`` is the set of human ids that
@@ -626,12 +656,13 @@ export function useThreadStream({
   // clearing optimistic messages in that case is exactly what made submitted
   // questions visually disappear — the live run that just started would be
   // aborted by the very effect intended to reset stale state.
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (threadId != null) {
-      // Forward direction: starting or continuing with a real thread.
-      // No reset needed; the upstream useStream will load history for this id.
-      return;
-    }
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (threadId != null) {
+      // Forward direction: starting or continuing with a real thread.
+      // No reset needed; the upstream useStream will load history for this id.
+      setThreadValueOverrides({});
+      return;
+    }
     const prevThread = threadStreamRef.current;
     if (prevThread?.isLoading) {
       try {
@@ -643,9 +674,88 @@ export function useThreadStream({
     startedRef.current = false;
     sendInFlightRef.current = false;
     prevMsgCountRef.current = 0;
-    setOptimisticMessages([]);
-    setIsUploading(false);
-  }, [threadId]);
+    setOptimisticMessages([]);
+    setIsUploading(false);
+    setThreadValueOverrides({});
+  }, [threadId]);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const activeThreadId = threadIdRef.current ?? onStreamThreadId ?? null;
+    const effectiveTitleProvisional =
+      (threadValueOverrides.title_provisional ??
+        thread.values?.title_provisional) === true;
+
+    if (!activeThreadId || thread.isLoading || !effectiveTitleProvisional) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false;
+    let timeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+
+    const poll = async () => {
+      while (!cancelled) {
+        try {
+          const nextState = await fetchThreadTitleRefreshState(
+            activeThreadId,
+            controller.signal,
+          );
+          if (cancelled || !nextState) {
+            return;
+          }
+
+          setThreadValueOverrides({
+            title: nextState.title,
+            title_provisional: nextState.title_provisional,
+          });
+
+          if (nextState.title) {
+            updateCachedThreadLists(queryClient, (threads) =>
+              threads.map((t) =>
+                t.thread_id === activeThreadId
+                  ? {
+                      ...t,
+                      values: {
+                        ...t.values,
+                        title: nextState.title,
+                        title_provisional: nextState.title_provisional,
+                      },
+                    }
+                  : t,
+              ),
+            );
+          }
+
+          if (nextState.title_provisional !== true) {
+            void queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ["threads", "search"] });
+            return;
+          }
+        } catch {
+          return;
+        }
+
+        await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+          timeoutId = setTimeout(resolve, 2000);
+        });
+      }
+    };
+
+    void poll();
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+      controller.abort();
+      if (timeoutId) {
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+      }
+    };
+  }, [
+    onStreamThreadId,
+    queryClient,
+    thread.isLoading,
+    thread.values?.title_provisional,
+    threadValueOverrides.title_provisional,
+  ]);
 
   // Clear optimistic when server messages arrive (count increases)
   useEffect(() => {
@@ -910,13 +1020,22 @@ export function useThreadStream({
   );
 
   // Merge thread with optimistic messages for display
-  const mergedThread =
-    optimisticMessages.length > 0
-      ? ({
-          ...thread,
-          messages: [...thread.messages, ...optimisticMessages],
-        } as typeof thread)
-      : thread;
+  const mergedValues =
+    Object.keys(threadValueOverrides).length > 0
+      ? {
+          ...thread.values,
+          ...threadValueOverrides,
+        }
+      : thread.values;
+
+  const mergedThread =
+    optimisticMessages.length > 0 || mergedValues !== thread.values
+      ? ({
+          ...thread,
+          values: mergedValues,
+          messages: [...thread.messages, ...optimisticMessages],
+        } as typeof thread)
+      : thread;
 
   // 第 4 个返回值 `onStreamThreadId` = 底层 useStream 当前实际绑定的线程 id（新建/未保存时为 null）。
   // 调用方据此判断「流是否已切到全新线程」，避免在切换会话的那一帧把消息发进上一个会话
@@ -1284,28 +1403,29 @@ export function useRenameThread() {
     mutationFn: async ({
       threadId,
       title,
-    }: {
-      threadId: string;
-      title: string;
-    }) => {
-      await apiClient.threads.updateState(threadId, {
-        values: { title },
-      });
-    },
-    onSuccess(_, { threadId, title }) {
-      updateCachedThreadLists(queryClient, (threads) =>
-        threads.map((t) =>
+    }: {
+      threadId: string;
+      title: string;
+    }) => {
+      await apiClient.threads.updateState(threadId, {
+        values: { title, title_provisional: false },
+      });
+    },
+    onSuccess(_, { threadId, title }) {
+      updateCachedThreadLists(queryClient, (threads) =>
+        threads.map((t) =>
           t.thread_id === threadId
             ? {
                 ...t,
-                values: {
-                  ...t.values,
-                  title,
-                },
-              }
-            : t,
-        ),
-      );
+                values: {
+                  ...t.values,
+                  title,
+                  title_provisional: false,
+                },
+              }
+            : t,
+        ),
+      );
     },
   });
 }
diff --git a/frontend-web/src/core/threads/types.ts b/frontend-web/src/core/threads/types.ts
index 905fd77a..56cfc515 100644
--- a/frontend-web/src/core/threads/types.ts
+++ b/frontend-web/src/core/threads/types.ts
@@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ import type { Message, Thread } from "@langchain/langgraph-sdk";
 
 import type { Todo } from "../todos";
 
-export interface AgentThreadState extends Record<string, unknown> {
-  title: string;
-  messages: Message[];
-  artifacts: string[];
-  todos?: Todo[];
-}
+export interface AgentThreadState extends Record<string, unknown> {
+  title: string;
+  title_provisional?: boolean;
+  messages: Message[];
+  artifacts: string[];
+  todos?: Todo[];
+}
 
 export interface AgentThreadContext extends Record<string, unknown> {
   thread_id: string;
diff --git a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/agents/middlewares/title_middleware.py b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/agents/middlewares/title_middleware.py
index 63cbe592..b3057763 100644
--- a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/agents/middlewares/title_middleware.py
+++ b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/agents/middlewares/title_middleware.py
@@ -1,21 +1,49 @@
-"""Middleware for automatic thread title generation."""
-
-import logging
-import re
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NotRequired, override
-
-from langchain.agents import AgentState
-from langchain.agents.middleware import AgentMiddleware
-from langgraph.runtime import Runtime
-
-from deerflow.config.title_config import get_title_config
-from deerflow.models import create_chat_model
+"""Middleware for automatic thread title generation."""
+
+import copy
+import logging
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, NotRequired, override
+
+from langchain.agents import AgentState
+from langchain.agents.middleware import AgentMiddleware
+from langgraph.runtime import Runtime
+
+from deerflow.config.title_config import get_title_config
+from deerflow.models import create_chat_model
+from deerflow.utils.time import now_iso
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from deerflow.config.app_config import AppConfig
     from deerflow.config.title_config import TitleConfig
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+_TITLE_DEBUG_LOGGER_NAME = "title_generation_debug"
+
+
+def _get_title_debug_logger() -> logging.Logger:
+    debug_logger = logging.getLogger(_TITLE_DEBUG_LOGGER_NAME)
+    if getattr(debug_logger, "_title_file_configured", False):
+        return debug_logger
+
+    log_path = Path("logs/title_generation_debug.log")
+    if not log_path.is_absolute():
+        log_path = Path.cwd() / log_path
+    log_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    handler = logging.FileHandler(log_path, encoding="utf-8")
+    handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s"))
+    debug_logger.addHandler(handler)
+    debug_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    debug_logger.propagate = False
+    setattr(debug_logger, "_title_file_configured", True)
+    return debug_logger
+
+
+def log_title_debug(message: str, *args: Any) -> None:
+    logger.warning(message, *args)
+    _get_title_debug_logger().info(message, *args)
 
 
 class TitleMiddlewareState(AgentState):
@@ -25,7 +53,7 @@ class TitleMiddlewareState(AgentState):
     title_provisional: NotRequired[bool]
 
 
-class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
+class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
     """Automatically generate a title for the thread after the first user message."""
 
     state_schema = TitleMiddlewareState
@@ -42,9 +70,9 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
             return self._app_config.title
         return get_title_config()
 
-    def _normalize_content(self, content: object) -> str:
-        if isinstance(content, str):
-            return content
+    def _normalize_content(self, content: object) -> str:
+        if isinstance(content, str):
+            return content
 
         if isinstance(content, list):
             parts = [self._normalize_content(item) for item in content]
@@ -58,8 +86,18 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
             nested_content = content.get("content")
             if nested_content is not None:
                 return self._normalize_content(nested_content)
-
-        return ""
+
+        return ""
+
+    def _message_type(self, message: object) -> str:
+        if isinstance(message, dict):
+            return str(message.get("type") or message.get("role") or "").lower()
+        return str(getattr(message, "type", "") or getattr(message, "role", "") or "").lower()
+
+    def _message_content(self, message: object) -> object:
+        if isinstance(message, dict):
+            return message.get("content", "")
+        return getattr(message, "content", "")
 
     def _should_set_provisional_title(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState) -> bool:
         """Check if we should set an instant, question-derived placeholder title.
@@ -78,8 +116,8 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
 
         # Only on the very first turn, as soon as the user message arrives.
         messages = state.get("messages", [])
-        user_messages = [m for m in messages if m.type == "human"]
-        return len(user_messages) == 1
+        user_messages = [m for m in messages if self._message_type(m) in {"human", "user"}]
+        return len(user_messages) == 1
 
     def _should_generate_title(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState) -> bool:
         """Check if we should generate the final LLM title for this thread."""
@@ -98,8 +136,8 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
             return False
 
         # Count user and assistant messages
-        user_messages = [m for m in messages if m.type == "human"]
-        assistant_messages = [m for m in messages if m.type == "ai"]
+        user_messages = [m for m in messages if self._message_type(m) in {"human", "user"}]
+        assistant_messages = [m for m in messages if self._message_type(m) in {"ai", "assistant"}]
 
         # Generate title after first complete exchange
         return len(user_messages) == 1 and len(assistant_messages) >= 1
@@ -112,8 +150,8 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
         config = self._get_title_config()
         messages = state.get("messages", [])
 
-        user_msg_content = next((m.content for m in messages if m.type == "human"), "")
-        assistant_msg_content = next((m.content for m in messages if m.type == "ai"), "")
+        user_msg_content = next((self._message_content(m) for m in messages if self._message_type(m) in {"human", "user"}), "")
+        assistant_msg_content = next((self._message_content(m) for m in messages if self._message_type(m) in {"ai", "assistant"}), "")
 
         user_msg = self._normalize_content(user_msg_content)
         assistant_msg = self._strip_think_tags(self._normalize_content(assistant_msg_content))
@@ -174,7 +212,7 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
             return None
 
         messages = state.get("messages", [])
-        user_msg_content = next((m.content for m in messages if m.type == "human"), "")
+        user_msg_content = next((self._message_content(m) for m in messages if self._message_type(m) in {"human", "user"}), "")
         user_msg = self._normalize_content(user_msg_content)
         if not user_msg.strip():
             return None
@@ -261,10 +299,98 @@ class TitleMiddleware(AgentMiddleware[TitleMiddlewareState]):
     async def abefore_model(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState, runtime: Runtime) -> dict | None:
         return self._provisional_title_result(state)
 
-    @override
-    def after_model(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState, runtime: Runtime) -> dict | None:
-        return self._generate_title_result(state)
-
-    @override
-    async def aafter_model(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState, runtime: Runtime) -> dict | None:
-        return await self._agenerate_title_result(state)
+    @override
+    def after_model(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState, runtime: Runtime) -> dict | None:
+        # Keep the provisional title in place during the main run. The gateway
+        # worker finalizes it in a background task after the answer is complete.
+        return None
+
+    @override
+    async def aafter_model(self, state: TitleMiddlewareState, runtime: Runtime) -> dict | None:
+        # Keep the provisional title in place during the main async run so the
+        # worker's post-run background finalizer can replace it with the real
+        # LLM-generated title without blocking the input box.
+        return None
+
+
+async def finalize_thread_title(
+    *,
+    checkpointer: Any,
+    thread_store: Any | None,
+    thread_id: str,
+    source_state: dict[str, Any],
+    app_config: "AppConfig | None" = None,
+) -> bool:
+    """Finalize a provisional thread title in the background.
+
+    ``source_state`` must be the checkpoint snapshot captured when the first run
+    completed. That avoids races where the user asks a second question before
+    the background title task starts, which would otherwise make the current
+    checkpoint fail the "first exchange only" predicate and leave the title
+    provisional forever.
+    """
+
+    log_title_debug("Title finalize: evaluating background title generation for thread %s", thread_id)
+
+    middleware = TitleMiddleware(app_config=app_config)
+    source_snapshot = copy.deepcopy(source_state)
+    if not middleware._should_generate_title(source_snapshot):
+        log_title_debug(
+            "Title finalize: skipped for thread %s because source snapshot is not eligible",
+            thread_id,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    log_title_debug("Title finalize: starting background title generation for thread %s", thread_id)
+    result = await middleware._agenerate_title_result(source_snapshot)
+    if not result:
+        log_title_debug("Title finalize: no title result produced for thread %s", thread_id)
+        return False
+
+    read_config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id, "checkpoint_ns": ""}}
+    checkpoint_tuple = await checkpointer.aget_tuple(read_config)
+    if checkpoint_tuple is None:
+        log_title_debug("Title finalize: skipped for thread %s because checkpoint was not found", thread_id)
+        return False
+
+    checkpoint: dict[str, Any] = dict(getattr(checkpoint_tuple, "checkpoint", {}) or {})
+    metadata: dict[str, Any] = dict(getattr(checkpoint_tuple, "metadata", {}) or {})
+    channel_values: dict[str, Any] = dict(checkpoint.get("channel_values", {}) or {})
+
+    # If another path already finalized or manually renamed the title, keep it.
+    if channel_values.get("title_provisional") is not True:
+        log_title_debug(
+            "Title finalize: skipped for thread %s because title is no longer provisional",
+            thread_id,
+        )
+        return False
+
+    channel_values.update(result)
+    checkpoint["channel_values"] = channel_values
+    metadata["updated_at"] = now_iso()
+
+    write_config = {
+        "configurable": {
+            "thread_id": thread_id,
+            "checkpoint_ns": "",
+        }
+    }
+    new_versions: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    get_next_version = getattr(checkpointer, "get_next_version", None)
+    if callable(get_next_version):
+        versions = dict(checkpoint.get("channel_versions", {}) or {})
+        for key in ("title", "title_provisional"):
+            next_version = get_next_version(versions.get(key), None)
+            versions[key] = next_version
+            new_versions[key] = next_version
+        checkpoint["channel_versions"] = versions
+
+    await checkpointer.aput(write_config, checkpoint, metadata, new_versions)
+
+    title = result.get("title")
+    if title and thread_store is not None:
+        await thread_store.update_display_name(thread_id, title, user_id=None)
+
+    log_title_debug("Title finalize: completed for thread %s with title %r", thread_id, title)
+
+    return True
diff --git a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/runs/worker.py b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/runs/worker.py
index 7135784a..01e205b1 100644
--- a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/runs/worker.py
+++ b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/runs/worker.py
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ internal checkpoint callbacks that are not exposed in the Python public API.
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-import asyncio
-import copy
-import inspect
-import logging
+import asyncio
+import copy
+import inspect
+import logging
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from functools import lru_cache
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast
@@ -28,17 +28,31 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import empty_checkpoint
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
 
-from deerflow.config.app_config import AppConfig
-from deerflow.runtime.serialization import serialize
-from deerflow.runtime.stream_bridge import StreamBridge
+from deerflow.agents.middlewares.title_middleware import (
+    finalize_thread_title,
+    log_title_debug,
+)
+from deerflow.config.app_config import AppConfig
+from deerflow.runtime.serialization import serialize
+from deerflow.runtime.stream_bridge import StreamBridge
 
 from .manager import RunManager, RunRecord
 from .schemas import RunStatus
 
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 # Valid stream_mode values for LangGraph's graph.astream()
-_VALID_LG_MODES = {"values", "updates", "checkpoints", "tasks", "debug", "messages", "custom"}
+_VALID_LG_MODES = {"values", "updates", "checkpoints", "tasks", "debug", "messages", "custom"}
+
+
+def _log_background_title_finalize_failure(thread_id: str):
+    def _done(task: asyncio.Task[bool]) -> None:
+        try:
+            task.result()
+        except Exception:
+            logger.debug("Failed to finalize background title for thread %s", thread_id, exc_info=True)
+
+    return _done
 
 
 def _build_runtime_context(
@@ -400,18 +414,47 @@ async def run_agent(
             except Exception:
                 logger.warning("Failed to persist run completion for %s (non-fatal)", run_id, exc_info=True)
 
-        # Sync title from checkpoint to threads_meta.display_name
-        if checkpointer is not None and thread_store is not None:
-            try:
-                ckpt_config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id, "checkpoint_ns": ""}}
-                ckpt_tuple = await checkpointer.aget_tuple(ckpt_config)
-                if ckpt_tuple is not None:
-                    ckpt = getattr(ckpt_tuple, "checkpoint", {}) or {}
-                    title = ckpt.get("channel_values", {}).get("title")
-                    if title:
-                        await thread_store.update_display_name(thread_id, title)
-            except Exception:
-                logger.debug("Failed to sync title for thread %s (non-fatal)", thread_id)
+        # Sync title from checkpoint to threads_meta.display_name
+        if checkpointer is not None and thread_store is not None:
+            try:
+                ckpt_config = {"configurable": {"thread_id": thread_id, "checkpoint_ns": ""}}
+                ckpt_tuple = await checkpointer.aget_tuple(ckpt_config)
+                if ckpt_tuple is not None:
+                    ckpt = getattr(ckpt_tuple, "checkpoint", {}) or {}
+                    channel_values = ckpt.get("channel_values", {}) or {}
+                    title = channel_values.get("title")
+                    if title:
+                        await thread_store.update_display_name(thread_id, title)
+                    if (
+                        record.status == RunStatus.success
+                        and channel_values.get("title_provisional") is True
+                    ):
+                        log_title_debug(
+                            "Run %s: scheduling background title generation for thread %s",
+                            run_id,
+                            thread_id,
+                        )
+                        title_task = asyncio.create_task(
+                            finalize_thread_title(
+                                checkpointer=checkpointer,
+                                thread_store=thread_store,
+                                thread_id=thread_id,
+                                source_state=copy.deepcopy(channel_values),
+                                app_config=ctx.app_config,
+                            ),
+                            name=f"title-finalize:{thread_id}",
+                        )
+                        title_task.add_done_callback(_log_background_title_finalize_failure(thread_id))
+                    elif record.status == RunStatus.success:
+                        log_title_debug(
+                            "Run %s: background title generation not scheduled for thread %s because title_provisional=%r title=%r",
+                            run_id,
+                            thread_id,
+                            channel_values.get("title_provisional"),
+                            channel_values.get("title"),
+                        )
+            except Exception:
+                logger.debug("Failed to sync title for thread %s (non-fatal)", thread_id)
 
         # Update threads_meta status based on run outcome
         if thread_store is not None:
diff --git a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/scheduler/service.py b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/scheduler/service.py
index 39a30c32..76154167 100644
--- a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/scheduler/service.py
+++ b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/packages/harness/deerflow/runtime/scheduler/service.py
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ from langgraph.checkpoint.base import empty_checkpoint
 from deerflow.config.agents_config import AGENT_ID_PATTERN, load_agent_config, load_agent_soul
 from deerflow.config.paths import get_paths
 from deerflow.persistence.scheduled_tasks import ScheduledTaskStore
-from deerflow.runtime import serialize_channel_values
 from deerflow.runtime.scheduler import html_page as html_page_utils
 from deerflow.runtime.scheduler import template_fill
 from deerflow.runtime.scheduler.element import ElementDeliveryClient
+from deerflow.runtime.serialization import serialize_channel_values
 from deerflow.runtime.user_context import reset_current_user, set_current_user
 from deerflow.utils.time import now_iso
 
diff --git a/offline-backend-20260512/backend/tests/test_title_middleware.py b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/tests/test_title_middleware.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7161011c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/offline-backend-20260512/backend/tests/test_title_middleware.py
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+import pytest
+
+from deerflow.agents.middlewares.title_middleware import (
+    TitleMiddleware,
+    finalize_thread_title,
+)
+
+
+class _FakeCheckpointer:
+    def __init__(self, checkpoint: dict, metadata: dict | None = None):
+        self._tuple = SimpleNamespace(
+            checkpoint=checkpoint,
+            metadata=metadata or {},
+            config={"configurable": {"thread_id": "thread-1", "checkpoint_ns": ""}},
+        )
+        self.aput_calls: list[tuple[dict, dict, dict, dict]] = []
+        self._version = 0
+
+    async def aget_tuple(self, _config):
+        return self._tuple
+
+    def get_next_version(self, _current, _channel):
+        self._version += 1
+        return self._version
+
+    async def aput(self, config, checkpoint, metadata, versions):
+        self.aput_calls.append((config, checkpoint, metadata, versions))
+        self._tuple = SimpleNamespace(
+            checkpoint=checkpoint,
+            metadata=metadata,
+            config={
+                "configurable": {
+                    "thread_id": config["configurable"]["thread_id"],
+                    "checkpoint_ns": config["configurable"]["checkpoint_ns"],
+                    "checkpoint_id": "new-ckpt",
+                }
+            },
+        )
+        return self._tuple.config
+
+
+class _FakeThreadStore:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.updated: list[tuple[str, str, str | None]] = []
+
+    async def update_display_name(self, thread_id: str, title: str, *, user_id=None):
+        self.updated.append((thread_id, title, user_id))
+
+
+def _source_state() -> dict:
+    return {
+        "messages": [
+            SimpleNamespace(type="human", content="please analyze the first topic"),
+            SimpleNamespace(type="ai", content="this is the first answer"),
+        ],
+        "title": "please analyze the first topic",
+        "title_provisional": True,
+    }
+
+
+def _dict_source_state() -> dict:
+    return {
+        "messages": [
+            {"type": "human", "content": "please analyze the first topic"},
+            {"type": "ai", "content": "this is the first answer"},
+        ],
+        "title": "please analyze the first topic",
+        "title_provisional": True,
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_finalize_thread_title_updates_checkpoint_and_display_name(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    async def _fake_generate(self, state):
+        assert state["title_provisional"] is True
+        return {"title": "first topic analysis", "title_provisional": False}
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(TitleMiddleware, "_agenerate_title_result", _fake_generate)
+
+    checkpointer = _FakeCheckpointer({"channel_values": _source_state()})
+    thread_store = _FakeThreadStore()
+
+    updated = await finalize_thread_title(
+        checkpointer=checkpointer,
+        thread_store=thread_store,
+        thread_id="thread-1",
+        source_state=_source_state(),
+    )
+
+    assert updated is True
+    assert len(checkpointer.aput_calls) == 1
+    _, written_checkpoint, _, new_versions = checkpointer.aput_calls[0]
+    assert written_checkpoint["channel_values"]["title"] == "first topic analysis"
+    assert written_checkpoint["channel_values"]["title_provisional"] is False
+    assert set(new_versions) == {"title", "title_provisional"}
+    assert thread_store.updated == [("thread-1", "first topic analysis", None)]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_finalize_thread_title_skips_if_current_thread_already_finalized(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    async def _fake_generate(self, state):
+        return {"title": "first topic analysis", "title_provisional": False}
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(TitleMiddleware, "_agenerate_title_result", _fake_generate)
+
+    checkpointer = _FakeCheckpointer(
+        {
+            "channel_values": {
+                **_source_state(),
+                "title": "manually renamed title",
+                "title_provisional": False,
+            }
+        }
+    )
+    thread_store = _FakeThreadStore()
+
+    updated = await finalize_thread_title(
+        checkpointer=checkpointer,
+        thread_store=thread_store,
+        thread_id="thread-1",
+        source_state=_source_state(),
+    )
+
+    assert updated is False
+    assert checkpointer.aput_calls == []
+    assert thread_store.updated == []
+
+
+def test_sync_after_model_keeps_provisional_title_for_background_finalize() -> None:
+    middleware = TitleMiddleware()
+
+    result = middleware.after_model(_source_state(), runtime=SimpleNamespace())
+
+    assert result is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_async_after_model_keeps_provisional_title_for_background_finalize() -> None:
+    middleware = TitleMiddleware()
+
+    result = await middleware.aafter_model(_source_state(), runtime=SimpleNamespace())
+
+    assert result is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_finalize_thread_title_accepts_serialized_dict_messages(monkeypatch) -> None:
+    async def _fake_generate(self, state):
+        return {"title": "first topic analysis", "title_provisional": False}
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(TitleMiddleware, "_agenerate_title_result", _fake_generate)
+
+    checkpointer = _FakeCheckpointer({"channel_values": _dict_source_state()})
+
+    updated = await finalize_thread_title(
+        checkpointer=checkpointer,
+        thread_store=None,
+        thread_id="thread-1",
+        source_state=_dict_source_state(),
+    )
+
+    assert updated is True